How does a Tank work? (M1A2 Abrams). (Best Remote Control Tanks for Sale, Radio Controlled Tanks, Heng Long RC Tanks, RC Tanks for Adults, RC Tank that Shoots, Full Metal RC Tank)

How does a Tank work? (M1A2 Abrams). (Best Remote Control Tanks for Sale, Radio Controlled Tanks, Heng Long RC Tanks, RC Tanks for Adults, RC Tank that Shoots, Full Metal RC Tank)
Item# Remote-Control-Tanks-Sale-Radio-Controlled-Tanks-Heng-Long-RC-Tanks-RC-Tanks-Adults-261
Regular price: $9.90
Sale price: $9.80
Availability: Usually ships in 2-3 business days
This item is currently out of stock!


Product Description


How does a Tank work? (M1A2 Abrams). (Best Remote Control Tanks for Sale, Radio Controlled Tanks, Heng Long RC Tanks, RC Tanks for Adults, RC Tank that Shoots, Full Metal RC Tank)


All RC Tanks on Earth (Full Series)









Online social commentary (media commentary):

Play War Thunder for FREE on PC, PS?4 and Xbox One: https://gjn.link/JaredWarThunderBonus ?more links below?

Video Summary: Come see how a tank works! In this video we're going to look specifically at the American M1A2 Abrams tank. The tank weighs 68 US Tons and can go up to 42 miles per hour. Parts of the tank include the caterpillar tracks, the wheels, the hull, and the turret. The caterpillar tracks are used to displace the weight of the tank allowing it cross rough terrain. The tank holds a crew of 4 - the driver, gunner, commander and the loader. The driver is up front and the other 3 are in the turret. The engine is in the back of the tank, it's an AGT-1500 which is powered by jet fuel. The main gun fires shells at about 3500mph. It can hit a target 2 miles away. There are a few countries besides the USA that use variants of the M1 Abrams tank. M1A2 Abrams tank continues to be the main battle tank for the United States military.

I apologize for not including metric units in the video. I normally include both metric and imperial but this video I got lazy. (and yes, even as an American I agree our system is pretty wonky??) I made a mistake with the smoke grenade launchers in the video. They don't emit smoke directly - they shoot out grenades around the tank and then those grenades emit smoke. For those of you that noticed the anime paint job on the helicopter in War Thunder - yes this is a real thing. Do a google search for "Kisarazu Sisters"

?Timestamps: 00:00 - Intro 00:21 - M1 Abrams 00:58 - Versions of Tank 01:36 - Specs 02:20 - Quick Tour 02:45 - Caterpillar Tracks 03:41 - Surface Area and More Tracks 04:35 - Engine 05:22 - Outside Features 05:52 - Turret 07:10 - Inside the Turret 08:00 - Ammunition 08:24 - Driver 9:03 - Other Countries 9:15 - Conclusion

Special thanks to contributors that helped review this video: Captain John Uvina & Captain Darian Vaughn; US Army, Armor Officers 1LT (RET) Trevor Knowles; US Army Corps of Engineers

Follow me on social media: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/JaredOwenAni... Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/JaredOwenAn... Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/JaredOwen3D Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/JaredOwenAnim... Tiktok: https://www.tiktok.com/@jaredowenanim...

Some of the 3D models you see in this video were purchased from TurboSquid (links below). The models were then modified for use in this video. I did not end up using the tank 3d model that War Thunder sent me - it was easier to purchase a model specifically made for blender. https://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/... https://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/... https://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/...

Internet Sources: https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/coldwa... https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/... https://science.howstuffworks.com/m1-... https://youtu.be/t1oXoHUqlNg - "M1A2 Abrams Tank" https://youtu.be/sC2ePKRvo9k - "M1A2 Main Battle Tank Firing Main Gun - Interior View" https://youtu.be/OFN79wuuTy8 - "Anatomy of an Abrams Tank"

Book Sources: "M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank: From 1980 (M1, M1A1, M1A2 Models) - Owners' Workshop Manual" https://amzn.to/2WaIzjv "The M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank" By Steve Parker https://amzn.to/3d51raa "Tanks Inside & Out" By Michael E. Haskew https://amzn.to/2WayVxa

Music: (Soundstripe.com) "Breaking and Entering" By Rhythm Scott "Binary" By Falls

Made with Blender 2.82a, Cycles Render

Here is some of the gear that I use for animation: Graphics Card: GTX 1080ti https://amzn.to/2t70HN0 CPU: i7-8700k https://amzn.to/2WEk9OE Motherboard: Asus Prim Z370-A https://amzn.to/2t4EVth Microphone: Samson Go Mic https://amzn.to/2GaSpvV Mouse: Logitech G600 https://amzn.to/2UKhf9P

#b3d #tank #military



章节







查看全部



















Intro 0:00









M1 Abrams 0:21









Versions of Tank 0:58









Specs 1:36









Quick Tour 2:20









Caterpillar Tracks 2:45

This video is out of this world..You have excellent skills on making beautiful 3D Animations..????
Great video! Very interesting information and entertaining
He could have made a generic round and nobody would have noticed, but he went and accurately modelled an APFSDS round. Mad props.
"The ""stabilizer"" for the main gun is actually a compensator. It will keep the point of strike of the currently loaded round on the specified target at the crosshair point, the little hooded thing on the muzzle is quite literally an optical gunsight for the computer to know precisely where the tip of the barrel is in relation to the gunsight and it can compensate for minor deformations in the barrel.

The system even adjusts for vertical, horizontal and axial motion. If you managed to drop an M1A2 by parachute and kept the vertical motion under 3.5mph you could hit a target as it floated down."
A few corrections: The smoke grenade launchers are exactly that. They make smoke by launching grenades that make it. They don't just spit clouds of smoke right out. The bustle rack is not the only storage place as you also have "sponson boxes" on the side of the turret and a little bit of storage in the hull. Also the driver does not go in through the hatch in the hull unless the hatch is already open. It can only be accessed the first time by going through the turret.
Your "engine" is actually the power pack, and consists mainly of the transmission. The big coolers are for cooling the transmission oil and final drives. The engine itself is actually quite small. You totally forgot to mention the second most important part of the tank...the gun sights. They are what makes the Abrams so effective.
As a Abrams Mechanic I can say I was surprised how accurate this was, good job mate.
"The exhaust comes out the back, so make sure to stay clear when the engine is on." Unless you're an infantryman doing a field exercise in the middle of winter. Then tank exhaust is like heaven.
I actually knew a lot about this tank already but I had no idea it could run on various fuels and it's primary was jet fuel. Very interesting
As a former M1A1 tanker, I really loved this animation! Thank you very much! ??????????
"""This tank weighs a whopping 68 US tons""

""We were on the verge of greatness, we were this close"""
O Brasil na década de 80 produziu o melhor tanque do mundo. O Ozório (Engesa) a tecnologia e seguran?a dele colocava este tanque aí no bolso. Pesquisem aí porque ele n?o foi pra frente e ver?o.
"2:17
Length: 9,75m
Width: 3,66m
Height: 2,43m

2:33 top speed 68 km/h

2:51
M1A2
1893 L
0,25 km/L
483 km

Avg. car
61 L
10,63 km/L
644 km

7:20
muzzle vel. = 5633kph (1565m/s)
distance = 3,2 km"
As a machinist I would like to say this detailed video is so extremely impressive excellent job! This creator's attention to detail is just mind blowing as well as the videos format just art ,mechanics & informative . GREAT CONTENT!
As an Abrams tank mechanic, I appreciate this video. The small details are completely inaccurate, so I appreciate the fact that the enemy does not know what is actually going on with the tank. ??
I am an engineer in radio and therefore very critical of bad production, especially the audio. You do a great job with your voice over and music beds. So many people focus on just the video and forget that bad audio can immediately destroy a video. Great Job, all the way around.
Simplismente incrível a evolu??o humana, avan?ada e complexa..
"I am an Army veteran (3rd Armored Cavalry) with experience with both the M1A1 and M1A2. I will provide quality control if necessary:
@2:30 Top speed on flat, solid ground. Slower over rough terrain, but still capable of rapid pace (well over 30mph)
@2:33 Fuel is distributed between 4 tanks: 2 in the rear and 2 in the front. Fuel is standard JP8 petroleum, similar to diesel. M1 can also run on other fuel types in distress.
@2:45 .6 mpg while driving, it has been suggested (not verified) that it takes 2 gallons to start the engine. For tanks not equipped with an EAPU (External Auxiliary Power Unit, a.k.a. generator) The engine is often left running to keep vital onboard systems operating even while sitting for extended periods- and in theory, to conserve fuel required by frequent restarts.
@3:30 There are 7 PAIRS of roadwheels contacting the ground on either side (the narrator is not specific, but the animation did show them).
@3:56 The sensation of riding a tank over rough terrain can be described as being in a boat on choppy water: It ""floats"" over all but the most extreme obstacles.
@4:07 I have experienced extreme inclines (up and down) that I would have only attempted with a modified 4x4 vehicle, bridged trenches and never felt them, crossed through mud that would have swamped any other imaginable vehicle, and travelled at speed across rough terrain at top speed that, if attempted in my jeep, would have jarred my teeth loose and broken suspension parts.
@5:40 The ""Power Pack"", or engine, is modular and designed to be quickly, easily and regularly removed to ease maintenance. It can be prepped for removal by the crew and be out on the ground behind the tank within 20 minutes. It can be replaced just as efficiently. I have done this many times.
@6:24 ""Make sure to stay clear when the engine is on""- There is a ""jet wash"" at the rear of the tank while it is running that gets more intense under power. At idle it is minor and is a boon during cold, snowy weather (look for groups of soldiers gathered behind idling tanks in the winter enjoying the heat.). ( ""Crank up my $6 million space heater."" is a common command from tank commanders during the winter.)
@6:27 The phone is for infantry (using the tank as cover, etc.) so that they may coordinate movement and safety with the tank crew who are not able to see them.
@7:55 In addition to the loader's MG, the commander's hatch is typically equipped with a .50Cal MG (unknown why this is not mentioned or represented.)
@7:58 Smoke Grenade Launchers: The animation is inaccurate- smoke grenades are actually launched from the chambers and disbursed around the area to provide wider visual coverage. Not mentioned is that the tank is also equipped with a smoke generator that sprays fuel into the hot exhaust in order to create a large cloud that can be backed into or allowed to drift in a beneficial direction.
@10:13 The driver's compartment is often referred to as ""the coffin"". It is actually very comfortable and drivers are known to doze off during periods of inactivity.

- The only thing not mentioned that I need to add is what makes the M1A2 particularly different from the M1A1 is the addition of the CITV (there are other improvements, but this is by far the most significant): The CITV is the Commanders Independent Thermal Viewer: It is the cylindrical protrusion on top of the turret just in front of the loader's hatch. This allows the tank commander to scan the battlefield and acquire targets independently of the gunner or the orientation of the main gun. This provides two sets of eyes independently scanning for targets and gives much more rapid target acquisition before and after firing; enabling immediate referencing of an identified target after another has been destroyed."
You forgot to mention that the rotating turret can only spin 6 times to the left before you have to re-wind it or else it unscrews itself and falls off
Love the fact that War Thunder is historically accurate. Oh wait my Tiger just got shot by a cold war era tank.
I'm impressed with your animation, I hope I can learn it too. The best way to demonstrate anything in detail. Thanks for the audio- visual presentation.
"""The tank can even climb some very steep hills.""

World of Tanks physics: well yes, but actually no."
Now you can imagine why NLAWs are scary as it explodes right on top of the turret which not only houses the crewmates but also is the thinnest
"Unbelievable 3D animations and well explained , I didn’t know much about this type of tanks and this clears everything out so perfectly. Thanks Jared !
Great video"
Super interesting. Had been wondering about these things and was happy to find a video about it. Pity though its not using metric measurements, as mostly everyone outside of the US won’t understand any numbers without pausing and checking. That said: nice video. Well produced and interesting. ??
The turret works basically like in a helicopter. When you spin it fast enough, the tank will fly.
Great video, very informative and well presented. May I only suggest adding overlay of the metrics in different formats ? Eg. Ft to meters/cm mpg to l/100 km etc.
"Nice job! One recommendation from the rest of the world: please use additional metric units ??
Greetings from Germany"
Hi. I am also working in the technical Animation industry. How have you rigged the wheels/Chain and how have you animated the drive-over over the obsticles?
Great video. I was on an M1 from 1991-1992 and an M1A1 from 1992 till the end of my service. A few things to note: 1. The commander has a Browning M2 .50 caliber machine gun (The “Maw- Deuce”) at his station/hatch. I’ve never seen an M1 without one. 2. The smoke grenades up front are actually smoke grenade launchers that launch smoke grenades out in front of the turret. Thermal sights can see through the smoke. There is also a smoke generator attached to the engine that the driver controls via a rocker switch, that throws thick white smoke out of the engine exhaust port on the back of the hull., and 3., the commander’s “view ports” are actually periscopes. Again, great video. Brought back fond memories.
Although Creighton Abrams was MACV commander in Vietnam (while I served there), his real claim to fame -- and the reason the tank is named for him -- is that he was cited by General George Patton as being his best tank battalion commander in Europe -- "He's the world champion." Abrams was one of the armored leaders who broke the siege of Bastogne during the Battle of the Bulge. As such, he was a tank expert. He was the one who laid out the ballpark specifications for what became his namesake tank. Nice video!
One small Detail: the smoke grenade launchers actually launch small grenades wich Land in front of the tank and smoke there. Other than that it’s a nice visualization, and it’s always nice to see Germans and Americans engineer something together
Awesome videos, You are extremelly talented ! Can you maybe include metric units on your videos ? Thanks a lot for your great work
I was the signal officer for a Tank Battalion of M1A2 in the early 90s. Quite a sight to see them live fire on the range; especially, at night. Look like a single pulse of a tight red laser beam at night moving when a sabot round is fired down range for +2 miles at night and covers the distance in under 2 seconds.
Good video! Tip for next time, also include metric units instead of just imperial. As an European I don't have the slightest idea how big 32 feet is.
Excellent 3D animation. Awesome video. I have a question, though: Isn't the top speed of the Abrams tank supposed to be "classified" information?
Didn’t know those things were powered on turbines. Amazing!
"war thunder is actually a pretty good way to learn about tanks" Shows a clip of a tank drifting while shooting another tank
"Great video!
Can you do the measurements in metric system also (in brackets) - no need to call it out, as most of the world isn’t using measurements by ‘feet’ or pounds. Make this a worldly video! Thanks."
I was a tanker. The only position I didn't do was being the TC(tank commander), I did driver, loader, amd gunner. Turret can be rotated manually, or hydraulically. There is no phone on the back. The is a hookup for a radio to communicate with the crew inside the tank. A damn good crew can hit a target at almost 4 miles with the main gun, 1000+ meters with the coax, about 950 with the loader's 240. Smoke canister launchers. Unless you are short, you are not completely standing up in a tank, even other countries. If a loader takes longer than 5 seconds to load that gun, they do not need to be on a tank. The most comfortable spots to sleep on a tank are the front slope and driver's hole.
Good video. One thing though, there is a slight mispresentation regarding the smoke dischargers. One could easily assume, looking at this video, that they actually produce smoke, much like a chimney. But they aren't. They launch the smoke grenades, somewhat like a mortar, which then in turn produce smoke, covering a much larger area in that way.
Man. Excellent job. You described it perfectly. Yep. These dudes who operate these tanks have balls of steel ??
3D animations are great! One thing when talking specs of army equipment: use international SI system units, not miles, gallons, inches etc.
Appreciate the comparisons of fuel economy and range; gives me a real comparison to my hatchback that gets about 25mpg.
That sabot round was beautifully modeled, highly interesting and informative vid Jared!
A small detail , turret on rotation intersects with body of tank. Fantastic animation overall.
Never been in armoured roles, but I've climbed into one of these before. Guy my size, could not imagine being this cramped in a skirmish.
You have excellent skills on making beautiful 3D Animations. thanks you so much for all our effort. i can't stop watching your videos. "WAW"
6:41 wonderful content!! but couldn't help noticing the modeling error, the turret actually rams into the hind hump and merges in !!
Just found your channel and I have to say it's very interesting I love how you do cutaways of each vehicle that you are discussing I definitely will be tuning into more videos
I just found your channel and i must say im completely wowed. this is some of the best content on here. Not only do you cover the main topic but add more day to day comparisons so that even someone with less knowledge can understand what you're saying. Outstanding job ????
I have to ask myself.....do I really need to know how a tank works...or, should I be cutting grass right now? Well, you never can tell when I may need to run a tank. I know how to cut grass.
We always appreciated it when the M1s rolled in during a fire fight in Ramadi. The insurgents typically bugged out after that.
That is really a great Animation! You have outstanding skills in 3D modelling.
Deus meu!!! Que toda essa engenharia seja transferida para o bem em melhorar a vida de todos os povos deste nosso mundo!!! Simples assim
Hey man I sort of stumbled upon this video but I just have to say, very well done! You put out all the info and go pretty in depth with it but at the same time you don't go on and on like so many people making videos who I swear just love to hear themselves speak. Thank you for being respectful of your viewers time. You are definitely getting a like and a subscribe from me :)
As a tank expert I can indeed confirm that the abrams is indeed a tank
"I wish you could cite metric equivalents for measurements for all of us international viewers out there :)
regardless, excellent video, top notch stuff as always!"
Outstanding video! Very accurate and informative. Nice job.
Smoke grenades: they do not just sit there and emit smoke while sitting in the launcher; they get get launched away from the tank while emitting smoke to create a large cloud which hopefully conceals the hank from the enemies sight (both visually and thermally).
@7:47 that amazing model has a small error with the turret going through the main body :) Kudos for the track rigging though, looks really nice
I spent a long time in armor. From the m60a1 to the M1a1 to the a2. We slept, ate and lived in them for weeks at a time! 19E/K rule!
Like a lot of people I was always curious about this legendary tank from Desert Storm days. Thank you for this excellent documentary.
My love for the US military is unquenchable. I wish it’s possible to join even if you are a US citizen.
Very watchable videos with great information. Please keep making more!
"i always love your animations and the effort you put in
but how i wish you could include metric equivalents of the measurements used in your videos.
nevertheless great videos always
^^"
Excellent video. Very educational . Clear and concise narration. And no overbearing sound track. Well done!
Perfet explanation video. One of the best videos I have seen on YT. I have subscribed to you right away! Just continue with videos like this
Liked & Subscribed... Such a beatiful animation. Now could you please do on how NLAW, Stinger, javelin works?
I served on the M60A1 and M60A3. They were good tanks but the Abrams tanks are absolutely amazing!
Side note: smoke grenades are actually suppose to defend the tank/armoured against laser guided missile. But, sure, it is also visual coverage.
I play war thunder and I know how "balanced and historical" It is.
I’ve been a tanker since 2008. I’m still on the tank. I give this a solid 9 out of 10!
"0:48 the place you showed non penetrate side, it is penetrated easily like tanks with high penetration power like KV 5, tank destroyers, etc this tank is easily penetrated which you showed powerful
It can be penetrated with HE shells, APCR shells and HEAT shells"
Love these videos. Absolutely amazing.
Hi, Jared, I'm Brazilian and a lover of war machines from WW2 such as aircrafts and tanks. However, I know there are "toys" more sophisticated nowadays. And this tank is ideal for satiating my eyes, for I'm also a fan of the German PKW Tiger 3. I got some pictures of its scheme, and I've noticed how complex was it. And by watching your animation, I've noticed how more advanced is this Abrams. I had already seen the first model, for once I read a review about a contest between Abrams M1 and the Engesa Osório a long time ago, which is already out of working due to bankruptcy and lack of replacement parts. So if you may be charitable by sending the video of this tank and its schemes to my email, I'm gonna become very happy. But don't you worry, for I am so far off to make reverse engineering of it. I suppose you must understand what I got on mind, don't you? I'd love to get and save this video for analyzing its caterpillars, for this is one of the most complex and interesting parts of a tank to me. I intend to draw it firstly on a paper by means of geometric calculus. I'm aware of its complexity. However, life is made of challenges, and drawing a sophisticated technological monster like that, it's a hard challenge which worthwhile to exercise imagination and creativity. Thanks for your attention, Carlos.
Absolutely amazing! Do one on Mirka VA, the Israeli tank.
"Good video! One correction—once the loader secures his round from behind the ballistic shield doors, he does not rotate his body 180 degrees clockwise and then place the round into the breech. There is absolutely no physical room within the turret to accommodate this action and, even if there were, it would be impossible to maintain your balance while the tank is moving. It would also take way too long to load.

Once you secure the round with your left hand on the aft cap, you place your right hand under the casing. Push the round upward with your right hand so that the business end now rests in the crook of your left arm like you are cradling a baby, and place your right hand on the aft cap. The round is now pointed directly into the open breech. Push forward with your right fist so that the round slides along your left arm and into the breech, which will slam closed. Make sure the shield door is closed, take the weapon off of manual “safe,” clear the path of recoil, scream “UP,” and brace yourself for the ignition and recoil that follows.

I spent 9 years on the M1, M1IP, M1A1, M1A1“Heavy,” and the M1A1HC, and this video brought back hella memories. Including drying my wet with sleet clothing in the exhaust on early, freezing mornings. PS: after 3 days in the turret with 2 other big, unshowered guys on MRE diets, the stench gets pretty heinous."
Fantastic! I just saw a video about tanks that is not as complicated as they were in other videos. You just made it simple and easy to understand. ???????? congrats bro!
I applaud you for being able to mention war thunder like eight times in eleven and half minutes.
Great Video , i love your animations and the demonstrations .
Great in-depth video really enjoyed watching it Great insight Cheers.
Very detailed and informative video. It would have been a bonus if you mentioned the tanks ability to drive through depth of water.
"What a Marvel of engineering ????????
Very cool vid
What a shame they are used for war ??"
I have absolutely no interest in tanks or weapons but I was fascinated by this! I love your animations and descriptions.
Those two "Side Cooling Units" are not cooling the engines, they are Oil coolers and are placed on the sides of the transmission to allow for a drive shaft to turn the fans to draw air through the radiators. This video has quite a few inaccuracies, I worked on the Abrams for 6 years.
Really clear, no nonsense explanation with great visuals. Thanks!
"?? ?????.
?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ? ? ?? ??? ????.
?? ??? ?????? ???.
???? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ? ??? ???? ?????."
Wow, fantastic video. What software do you use to create these animations?
"Very well done - I hope you're rich at this point!
You do a great job incorporating your sponsors in your videos too. ????"
Excellent content, and very informative. Thank you ??
Great video.
This was way more entertaining than I thought it would be
Great animation. Watching the space specs makes me think how tinny you must be to be able to enter that tank...
Great home defense tool glad I made the purchase with this weapon I can protect my friends and roommates from hostile forces :) really blows away the competition
In my opinion, tanks have long been backward and can be compared to a driving coffin. All you have to do is have a Javelin launcher that costs not only less, and in the case of a box you will hide faster than you will escape from the rocket tank. Coffin on wheels.
Very informative and great 3D work BTW. Subscribed.
Actually the Abrams is extremely roomy when it comes to the crew compartment. In your animation the crew compartment was to small. The Abrams is known for being very comfortable tank wise. Also another thing your video got wrong was the smoke launcher. In real life those smoke launchers will actually launch smoke canisters into the air and then they will go off. Other than that your video was a bit simple (i think that was what you were going for) but mostly correct. Each one of those side panals are an inch think of armor. I've heard the panals that cover the crew compartment have depleted uranium in them for added protection. During my 12 yrs in the US Army I could never confirm that though.
The engineering efforts are insane for its age
When talking about the road wheels and the suspension of the tank you left out the return idlers. They were also missing from your animations. There are two of them on each side but are hidden behind the skirts.
Jared - Excellent work: Your narrated, animated 3D visuals are the most powerful communication tool I have ever seen. Keep up the world-changing explanations! WOW, so impressive
I’d like to see 1 of these tanks put on a ww2 battlefield and see how it does against numerous German tanks.
Ironic all this is public information now. When it came out no one, but tankers were allowed in it, and what was inside and how it was built was classified.
Well done, Jared. Loved it! One question ... when a round is fired what does the loader do with the shell casing?
Great 3D animation, keep it up.
"""The tank can even climb some very steep hills""
War thunder: nope, he can not"
"Ive watched this like 5 times in the past thew months now. Its very cool video and appreciate the effort you put in.
Also imagine how fast a car would be with the same engine as the abrams"
Большое спасибо за видео, товарищ! Вы очень доступно всё объяснили.<